Toward effective outcomes with individuals, co-parents, and families

Questions Clinicians Should Ask about
 Applying this Clinical Model
- p. 1 of  2

By Peter K. Gerlach, MSW
Member NSRC Experts Council

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  The Web address of this two-page article is https://sfhelp.org/pro/basics/q&a.htm

Note - this model and series was originally designed to focus on effective clinical work with typical di-vorcing families and stepfamilies. It is being reorganized in 2009 to pertain to all "low-nurturance" (multi-problem, "dysfunctional") families, and persons recovering from early-childhood trauma ("Grown Wounded Children" - GWCs). Sections still hilight keys to serving divorcing and stepfamily members effectively.

        Clicking links here will open a new window or an informational popup, so turn off your browser's popup blocker or accept popups from this nonprofit, ad-free site . If the windows distract you, read the article before following any links.

        This article is one of a series on effective professional counseling, coaching, and therapy with (a) low-nurturance (dysfunctional) families and with (b) typical survivors of childhood neglect and trauma. These articles for professionals are under construction.

        This series assumes you're familiar with:

        Before continuing, pause and reflect - why are you reading this article? What do you need?

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Premise: typical coaches, counselors, and clinicians don't know what they need to know about average divorcing-family and stepfamily clients to achieve effective outcomes that last. If you agree, read on. If you don't, take these four quizzes and see what you experience.

        This article offers key questions that I believe typical therapists, counselors, supervisors, consultants, and clinical administrators should ask about the process of working with average divorcing-family and stepfamily clients.

        Links below lead to answers based on 36 years' private-practice experience providing psychotherapy and education to members of over 600 typical courting, re/married, and re/divorced Midwestern Anglo step-families. These questions and answers are also based on seven years' experience on the Board of a large suburban-Chicago public mental-health agency, including a term as president.

Perspective

        Systemic therapy with divorcing-family and stepfamily members is the same as with any client family in some ways, and significantly different in others. Human-service professionals who...

  • are unaware of these differences and what they mean , and who...

  • lack requisite attitudes, knowledge, skills, and resources, risk ineffective outcomes with these complex multi-problem clients.

The worst case occurs when professional unawareness and ineptness lowers the client-family's nurturance level.  

        My experience with many hundreds of average clients and human-service professionals Since 1979 suggests that significant confusion and disagreement over some key terms is common - e.g. terms like mental illness, abuse, problem, change, and family dysfunction.

        Professionals' and clients' satisfaction rise when everyone thinks clearly and "speaks the same language." I invite you to review these definitions before reading further to raise the odds you'll understand what I mean, in what follows.

        Note that the answers below invite you to clarify your current beliefs, rather than preaching what you should believe. You may find that the questions below raise your awareness as much as the answers. Reflect: what needs are you trying to fill by reading this?

        If your true Self is guiding your personality now, you'll get more from studying this article. Option: print these questions and use them as a self-improvement checklist or an in-service program resource.

Questions Clinicians Should Ask (about working with divorcing-family and stepfamily clients)

        Links below lead to questions and answers on these topics:


Questions About this Clinical Model

Q1)  Why has no one proposed this model before? A) For four reasons.

Q2)  What are the key differences about this model?  A) The unique combination of these five elements.

Q3)  What research supports this model? A)

Q4)  If there are unique professional requisites for using this model effectively, what are they?  A) See this.

Questions about Divorcing Families

Q5) What needs to typical mates seek to fill committing to a primary relationship? A) Some mix of these.

Q6)  If there are core causes for typical psychological and legal re/divorce, what are they?

2)  Why are some people unable to bond or love, and how can I assess for this?

x)  Compared to first-time courtship, what's different about courtship among average divorced or widowed bioparents and prospective stepparents?

x)  How can courting co-parents tell if they're committing to the right people (partner + stepkids + ex mate/s + kin)?

8)  How can courting partners tell if they're co-committing for the right right reasons?

9)  How can courting partners tell if it's the right time to commit?

10)  Does cohabiting before mate-commitment help prevent psychological or legal divorce?

11)  What should officiating clergy and other pre-marital counselors know about the pervasive [wounds + ignorance] cycle in order to help engaged couples make wise commitment decisions?

12)  What (a) is a "relationship problem," and (b) what communication and problem-solving basics and skills do typical mates need in order to resolve their marital problems effectively?

13)  What are the most common communication blocks? What can average couples do to reduce or avoid them to resolve their relationship problems? What's likely to hinder them from doing so?

14)  What are the most common presenting (surface) problems with stepfamily clients, and what are the common primary needs that cause them?

15)  What is divorce, and when does it "start" and "end"?  

16)  What divorce-prevention resources does this site offer? Answer:

  • This series of prevention articles for lay people and professionals;

  • These educational slide presentations, and this related 8-Part re/marriage-preparation course for couples and groups;

  • This Q&A series on stepfamily courtship and related topics;

  • The co-parent Project-7 collection of articles and worksheets, including courtship danger signs,

  • These related guidebooks, which integrate the key articles and tools in this non-profit site, and...

  • This set of collected resources for co-parents and their supporters.

Question index


Questions about Professional Qualifications for working with these clients

        Premise: for effective interventions with typical divorced-family and stepfamily clients, clinicians and other family-support professionals need special (a) traits, (b) attitudes, (c) knowledge, (d) skills, (e) resources, and (f) informed support.

17) (a) What is a "true Self," and how can I tell if I'm guided by mine? If I'm not, (b) what are the personal and professional implications, and (c) what are my options? My life experience suggests this is the most fundamental requirement to provide effective human service to anyone.

18)  What special traits and attitudes (values, biases, beliefs) do I need in order to work effectively with typical divorcing families and stepfamilies?

19)  What special knowledge do I need to work effectively with stepfamilies?

20)  What special skills do I need for effective assessment and interventions with divorced-family and stepfamily clients?

21)  What other special resources do I need for effective service to these clients?

22)  How can I judge if my supervisor, case manager, and/or consultants (a) are guided by their true Selves, (b) know enough about effective clinical work with divorced-family and stepfamily clients, and (c) have requisite attitudes about (a) therapy and (b) these clients? (d) What are my options if they don't have these requisites - i.e. if they're too wounded and unaware?  

23)  Why should I care about the nurturance level of my organization, and how can I evaluate it?

Question index


Questions About Typical Stepfamily Clients

        Premise: typical divorcing families and stepfamilies are like intact biofamilies in some ways,  and very different from them in others. The more you're aware of the similarities and differences, the more effective you can be long-term with divorced-family and stepfamily clients.

        Key questions clinicians should ask and answer:

24)  What is a "stepfamily client"?

25)    What do typical co-parents and supporters need to know about stepfamilies, re/marital hazards and protections, and effective stepparenting?

26)  How do average stepfamilies differ from typical intact biofamilies structurally and dynamically?

27)  What do these differences usually mean to co-parents, kids, and society?

28)  Why is it vital that all stepfamily adults and their supporters accept their identity?

29)  What is a (step)family mission (vision) statement, and why is evolving one essential for average multi-home stepfamilies?

30)  What common misconceptions do average stepfamily adults have about their roles and relationships, and what are the (usual) realities?

31)  What do I need to know about typical adult and minor stepkids?

32)  What are the key differences between stepparenting and bioparenting?

33)  What is effective child discipline, and what's unique about discipline in average stepfamilies?

34)  What are the most common barriers to effective co-parenting teamwork among stepparents and divorced bioparents, and how can I best help clients understand and reduce them?

35)  What do I need to know about what typical stepfamily co-grandparents' need?

36)  How does the typical stepfamily development cycle compare to the cycle of average intact biofamilies, and why are the differences between them important?

37)  (a) What are the most common presenting problems (symptoms) with typical stepfamily clients, (b) what causes them, and (c) how can I help co-parents avoid or reduce them?

38)  Why is it commonly estimated that average American stepfamilies are at higher risk of psychological and legal re/divorce than first-marriage biofamilies?

  See also the "stepfamily," stepchild," and "co-parent" questions here.

Question index 

        This concludes seven groups of questions that average human-service professionals need to research and answer for effective outcomes with average divorced-family and stepfamily clients.

Questions About Stepfamily Assessment

        Premises: Effective professionals will (a) define "my client" as the nuclear stepfamily, regardless of who initiates or attends sessions; and (b) assess for unique systemic factors compared to intact-biofamily clients.

37)  What is "effective clinical assessment"?

38)  What's different about assessing average stepfamilies from other client families?

39)  Do I need a family-system typology to initially assess new divorced or re/married clients? If so, what factors should be included in such a typology?

40)  What unique intake questions I should ask a new divorced-family or stepfamily client?

41)  (a) What's the difference between surface needs and primary needs, (b) how does this relate to effective client assessment, and (c) how can I help clients to clearly discern their current primary needs?

42)  What are the most common presenting problems with these clients, and what primary needs usually cause them?

Question index

Stepfamily Intervention Guidelines

41) What is "effective intervention" with a divorced-family or stepfamily client?

42) Are there special intervention goals in working with typical stepfamilies?

43) If there are common phases in typical stepfamily therapy, what are they, and why do I need to know them?

44) Can time-limited or brief therapy be effective with typical stepfamily clients?

45) Should I try to engage ex mates and key relatives in the therapeutic process?

46) What are the most common therapeutic errors with stepfamily clients, and how can I avoid them?

47) If there is a "best way" to working effectively with significantly wounded co-parents, what is it?

48) Is there a best modality for working with typical divorced-family and stepfamily clients?

49) Are there special transference issues with typical divorced-family and stepfamily clients?

50) What special issues should I be alert for in court-referred stepfamily cases?

51) How may my and my clients' spirituality (vs. religion) affect professional outcomes with divorced-family and stepfamily clients?

52) What factors are most likely to block effective therapy with these clients, and what can I do to avoid or reduce them?

Question index


Questions About Supervision and Consultants

53) What's required for effective supervision of stepfamily therapists?

54) How can I choose an effective consultant for my stepfamily cases?

55) What special supports can I provide for staff clinicians working with divorced-family and stepfamily clients?  

56) What do our Board members, funders, and accreditation evaluators need to know about effective service to our divorced-family and stepfamily clients? How can I alert them to this?

Question index


Agency and Program Questions

57) How can I judge the nurturance level of our organization, and why should I do so?

58) What do (a) agency or program directors and (b) Board members need to know about staffing for, and service to, average divorced-family and stepfamily clients?

59) What's an effective in-service training program for stepfamily therapists and counselors?

60) What's needed to provide effective service to local divorcing families and stepfamilies?

61) What programs and groups can we provide to best serve our clients and community?

62) What relevant resources and supports can we provide for (a) our staff and (b) these clients?

Question index

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